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Perspective on gallium-based room temperature liquid metal batteries

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第1期页码 23-48 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0815-y

摘要： Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of deformable devices and epidermal electronics that are in urgent request for flexible batteries. The intrinsically soft and ductile conductive electrode materials can offer pivotal hints in extending the lifespan of devices under frequent deformation. Featuring inherent liquidity, metallicity, and biocompatibility, Ga-based room-temperature liquid metals (GBRTLMs) are potential candidates to fulfill the requirement of soft batteries. Herein, to illustrate the glamour of liquid components, high-temperature liquid metal batteries (HTLMBs) are briefly summarized from the aspects of principle, application, advantages, and drawbacks. Then, Ga-based liquid metals as main working electrodes in primary and secondary batteries are reviewed in terms of battery configurations, working mechanisms, and functions. Next, Ga-based liquid metals as auxiliary working electrodes in lithium and nonlithium batteries are also discussed, which work as functional self-healing additives to alleviate the degradation and enhance the durability and capacity of the battery system. After that, Ga-based liquid metals as interconnecting electrodes in multi-scenarios including photovoltaics solar cells, generators, and supercapacitors (SCs) are interpreted, respectively. The summary and perspective of Ga-based liquid metals as diverse battery materials are also focused on. Finally, it was suggested that tremendous endeavors are yet to be made in exploring the innovative battery chemistry, inherent reaction mechanism, and multifunctional integration of Ga-based liquid metal battery systems in the coming future.

关键词： liquid metals soft electrodes flexible batteries deformable energy supply devices epidermal electronics

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Clean energy technology: materials, processes and devices for electrochemical energy conversion and storage

Hong YANG, Junliang ZHANG, Baolian YI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第3期页码 233-235 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0501-7

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Optimal portfolio design of energy storage devices with financial and physical right market

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第1期页码 95-104 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0788-2

摘要： With the continuous development of the spot market, in the multi-stage power market environment with the day-ahead market and right market, the study associated with the portfolio of energy storage devices requires that attention should be paid to transmission congestion and power congestion. To maximize the profit of energy storage and avoid the imbalance of power supply and consumption and the risk of node price fluctuation caused by transmission congestion, this paper presents a portfolio strategy of energy storage devices with financial/physical contracts. First, the concepts of financial/physical transmission rights and financial/physical storage rights are proposed. Then, the portfolio models of financial contract and physical contract are established with the conditional value-at-risk to measure the risks. Finally, the portfolio models are verified through the test data of the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM) electric power spot market, and the comparison between the risk aversion of portfolios based on financial/physical contract with the portfolio of the market without rights. The simulation results show that the portfolio models proposed in this paper can effectively avoid the risk of market price fluctuations.

关键词： portfolio node price fluctuation transmission right energy storage right risk aversion

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Ultrasonic emulsification: basic characteristics, cavitation, mechanism, devices and application

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第10期页码 1560-1583 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2160-4

摘要： Emulsion systems are widely applied in agriculture, food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. Ultrasound has attracted much attention in emulsion preparation, especially for nanoemulsion, due to its advantages of being eco-friendly, cost-effective and energy-efficient. This review provides an overview for readers to the area of ultrasonic emulsification technology. It briefly introduces and summarizes knowledge of ultrasonic emulsification, including emulsion characteristics, acoustic cavitation, emulsification mechanism, ultrasonic devices and applications. The combination of microfluidics and ultrasound is highlighted with huge advantages in controlling cavitation phenomena and emulsification intensification. A novel scale of dμ_C^0.6/μ_D^0.33−E_V is proposed to be able to compare the energy efficiency of emulsion preparation in different devices.

关键词： nanoemulsion ultrasound microreactor multiphase energy

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Thermo-fluidic devices and materials inspired from mass and energy transport phenomena in biological

Jian XIAO , Jing LIU ,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 47-59 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0068-4

摘要： Mass and energy transport consists of one of the most significant physiological processes in nature, which guarantees many amazing biological phenomena and activities. Borrowing such idea, many state-of-the-art thermo-fluidic devices and materials such as artificial kidneys, carrier erythrocyte, blood substitutes and so on have been successfully invented. Besides, new emerging technologies are still being developed. This paper is dedicated to presenting a relatively complete review of the typical devices and materials in clinical use inspired by biological mass and energy transport mechanisms. Particularly, these artificial thermo-fluidic devices and materials will be categorized into organ transplantation, drug delivery, nutrient transport, micro operation, and power supply. Potential approaches for innovating conventional technologies were discussed, corresponding biological phenomena and physical mechanisms were interpreted, future promising mass-and-energy-transport-based bionic devices were suggested, and prospects along this direction were pointed out. It is expected that many artificial devices based on biological mass and energy transport principle will appear to better improve various fields related to human life in the near future.

关键词： bionics mass transport energy transport artificial devices and materials biology system nature phenomena medical device.

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Advancement in materials for energy-saving lighting devices

Tak H. KIM, Wentai WANG, Qin LI

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 13-26 doi: 10.1007/s11705-011-1168-y

摘要： This review provides a comprehensive account of energy efficient lighting devices, their working principles and the advancement of these materials as an underpinning to the development of technology. Particular attention has been given to solid state lighting devices and their applications since they have attracted the most interest and are the most promising. Solid state lighting devices including white light emitting diodes (LEDs), organic LEDs (OLEDs), quantum-dot LEDs (QLEDs) and carbon-dot LEDs (CLEDs) are promising energy efficient lighting sources for displays and general lighting. However there is no universal solution that will give better performance and efficiency for all types of applications. LEDs are replacing traditional lamps for both general lighting and display applications, whereas OLEDs are finding their own special applications in various areas. QLEDs and CLEDs have advantages such as high quantum yields, narrow emission spectra, tunable emission spectra and good stability over OLEDs, so applications for these devices are being extended to new types of lighting sources. There is a great deal of research on these materials and their processing technologies and the commercial viability of these technologies appears strong.

关键词： energy-saving lighting devices solid state lighting devices

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A continuous/discontinuous deformation analysis (CDDA) method based on deformable blocks for fracture

Yongchang CAI, Hehua ZHU, Xiaoying ZHUANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第4期页码 369-378 doi: 10.1007/s11709-013-0222-x

摘要： In the framework of finite element meshes, a novel continuous/discontinuous deformation analysis (CDDA) method is proposed in this paper for modeling of crack problems. In the present CDDA, simple polynomial interpolations are defined at the deformable block elements, and a link element is employed to connect the adjacent block elements. The CDDA is particularly suitable for modeling the fracture propagation because the switch from continuous deformation analysis to discontinuous deformation analysis is natural and convenient without additional procedures. The SIFs (stress intensity factors) for various types of cracks, such as kinked cracks or curved cracks, can be easily computed in the CDDA by using the virtual crack extension technique (VCET). Both the formulation and implementation of the VCET in CDDA are simple and straightforward. Numerical examples indicate that the present CDDA can obtain high accuracy in SIF results with simple polynomial interpolations and insensitive to mesh sizes, and can automatically simulate the crack propagation without degrading accuracy.

关键词： fracture crack propagation deformable block continuous/discontinuous deformation analysis (CDDA)

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Emerging technologies to power next generation mobile electronic devices using solar energy

Dewei JIA , Yubo DUAN , Jing LIU ,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第3期页码 262-288 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0015-z

摘要： Mobile electronic devices such as MP3, mobile phones, and wearable or implanted medical devices have already or will soon become a necessity in peoples’ lives. However, the further development of these devices is restricted not only by the inconvenient charging process of the power module, but also by the soaring prices of fossil fuel and its downstream chain of electricity manipulation. In view of the huge amount of solar energy fueling the world biochemically and thermally, a carry-on electricity harvester embedded in portable devices is emerging as a most noteworthy research area and engineering practice for a cost efficient solution. Such a parasitic problem is intrinsic in the next generation portable devices. This paper is dedicated to presenting an overview of the photovoltaic strategy in the chain as a reference for researchers and practitioners committed to solving the problem.

关键词： photovoltaic conversion energy harvesting solar cell maximum power point track algorithm PV electricity storage mobile/standalone PV application

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Triboelectric nanogenerators: the beginning of blue dream

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第6期页码 635-678 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2271-y

摘要： Wave energy is inexhaustible renewable energy. Making full use of the huge ocean wave energy resources is the dream of mankind for hundreds of years. Nowadays, the utilization of water wave energy is mainly absorbed and transformed by electromagnetic generators (EMGs) in the form of mechanical energy. However, waves usually have low frequency and uncertainty, which means low power generation efficiency for EMGs. Fortunately, in this slow current and random direction wave case, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has a relatively stable output power, which is suitable for collecting blue energy. This article summarizes the main research results of TENG in harvesting blue energy. Firstly, based on Maxwell’s displacement current, the basic principle of the nanogenerator is expounded. Then, four working modes and three applications of TENG are introduced, especially the application of TENG in blue energy. TENG currently used in blue energy harvesting is divided into four categories and discussed in detail. After TENG harvests water wave energy, it is meaningless if it cannot be used. Therefore, the modular storage of TENG energy is discussed. The output power of a single TENG unit is relatively low, which cannot meet the demand for high power. Thus, the networking strategy of large-scale TENG is further introduced. TENG’s energy comes from water waves, and each TENG’s output has great randomness, which is very unfavorable for the energy storage after large-scale TENG integration. On this basis, this paper discusses the power management methods of TENG. In addition, in order to further prove its economic and environmental advantages, the economic benefits of TENG are also evaluated. Finally, the development potential of TENG in the field of blue energy and some problems that need to be solved urgently are briefly summarized.

关键词： blue energy triboelectric nanogenerator water wave energy networking strategy micro/nano-energy self-powered devices

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A systemic review of hydrogen supply chain in energy transition

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第1期页码 102-122 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0861-0

摘要： Targeting the net-zero emission (NZE) by 2050, the hydrogen industry is drastically developing in recent years. However, the technologies of hydrogen upstream production, midstream transportation and storage, and downstream utilization are facing obstacles. In this paper, the development of hydrogen industry from the production, transportation and storage, and sustainable economic development perspectives were reviewed. The current challenges and future outlooks were summarized consequently. In the upstream, blue hydrogen is dominating the current hydrogen supply, and an implementation of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) can raise its cost by 30%. To achieve an economic feasibility, green hydrogen needs to reduce its cost by 75% to approximately 2 /kg at the large scale. The research progress in the midterm sector is still in a preliminary stage, where experimental and theoretical investigations need to be conducted in addressing the impact of embrittlement, contamination, and flammability so that they could provide a solid support for material selection and large-scale feasibility studies. In the downstream utilization, blue hydrogen will be used in producing value-added chemicals in the short-term. Over the long-term, green hydrogen will dominate the market owing to its high energy intensity and zero carbon intensity which provides a promising option for energy storage. Technologies in the hydrogen industry require a comprehensive understanding of their economic and environmental benefits over the whole life cycle in supporting operators and policymakers.

关键词： hydrogen production hydrogen transportation and storage hydrogen economy carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology assessment

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PWR-FBR with closed fuel cycle for a sustainable nuclear energy supply in China

XU Mi

《能源前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第2期页码 129-134 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0016-8

摘要： From the thermal reactor to the fast reactor and then to the fusion reactor; this is the three-step strategy that has been decided for a sustainable nuclear energy supply in China. As the main thermal reactor type, the commercialized development phase of the pressurized water reactor (PWR) has been stepped up. The development of the fast reactor (FBR) is still in the early stage, marked by China experimental fast reactor (CEFR), which is currently under construction. According to the strategy study on the fast reactor development in China, its engineering development will be divided into three steps: the CEFR with a power of 65 MWt/20 MWe; the China prototype fast reactor (CPFR) with a power of 1 500 MWt/600 MWe; and the China demonstration fast reactor (CDFR) with a power of 2 500 3 750 MWt/1 000 1 500 MWe. With regards to the fuel cycle, a 100 t/a PWR spent fuel reprocessing pilot plant and a 500 kg/ a MOX fabrication plant are under construction. A project involving the construction of an industrial reprocessing plant and an MOX fabrication plant are also under application phase.

关键词： reactor development reprocessing MWt/600 demonstration three-step strategy

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Modeling, evaluation, and optimization of gas-power and energy supply scenarios

Hossam A. GABBAR,Aboelsood ZIDAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第4期页码 393-408 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0422-x

摘要： Recently, renewable energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaic (PV) are receiving a wide acceptance because they are inexhaustible and nonpolluting. Renewable energy sources are intermittent ones because of climate changes in wind speed and solar irradiance. Due to the continuous demand growth and the necessity for efficient and reliable electricity supply, there is a real need to increase the penetration of gas technologies in power grids. The Canadian government and stakeholders are looking for ways to increase the reliability and sustainability of power grid, and gas-power technologies may provide a solution. This paper explores the integration of gas and renewable generation technologies to provide a qualified, reliable, and environmentally friendly power system while satisfying regional electricity demands and reducing generation cost. Scenarios are evaluated using four key performance indicators (KPIs), economic, power quality, reliability, and environmental friendliness. Various scenarios outcomes are compared based on the defined performance indices. The proposed scenario analysis tool has three components, the geographic information system (GIS) for recording transmission and distribution lines and generation sites, the energy semantic network (ESN) knowledgebase to store information, and an algorithm created in Matlab/Simulink for evaluating scenarios. To interact with the scenario analysis tool, a graphical user interface (GUI) is used where users can define the desired geographic area, desired generation percentage via gas technology, and system parameters. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, the regional zone of the province of Ontario and Toronto are used as case studies.

关键词： gas-power renewable key performance indicators (KPIs) reliability

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Review of recent advances of polymer based dielectrics for high-energy storage in electronic power devices

Wenjie Sun, Jiale Mao, Shuang Wang, Lei Zhang, Yonghong Cheng

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期页码 18-34 doi: 10.1007/s11705-020-1939-4

摘要： Polymer-based dielectric capacitors are widely-used energy storage devices. However, although the functions of dielectrics in applications like high-voltage direct current transmission projects, distributed energy systems, high-power pulse systems and new energy electric vehicles are similar, their requirements can be quite different. Low electric loss is a critical prerequisite for capacitors for electric grids, while high-temperature stability is an essential pre-requirement for those in electric vehicles. This paper reviews recent advances in this area, and categorizes dielectrics in terms of their foremost properties related to their target applications. Requirements for polymer-based dielectrics in various power electronic equipment are emphasized, including high energy storage density, low dissipation, high working temperature and fast-response time. This paper considers innovations including chemical structure modification, composite fabrication and structure re-design, and the enhancements to material performances achieved. The advantages and limitations of these methods are also discussed.

关键词： dielectric capacitors polymer-based dielectrics energy density dielectric loss working temperature frequency response

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Energy supply for water electrolysis systems using wind and solar energy to produce hydrogen: a case

Mostafa REZAEI, Ali MOSTAFAEIPOUR, Mojtaba QOLIPOUR, Mozhgan MOMENI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第3期页码 539-550 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0635-x

摘要： Due to acute problems caused by fossil fuels that threaten the environment, conducting research on other types of energy carriers that are clean and renewable is of great importance. Since in the past few years hydrogen has been introduced as the future fuel, the aim of this study is to evaluate wind and solar energy potentials in prone areas of Iran by the Weibull distribution function (WDF) and the Angstrom-Prescott (AP) equation for hydrogen production. To this end, the meteorological data of solar radiation and wind speed recorded at 10 m height in the time interval of 3 h in a five-year period have been used. The findings indicate that Manjil and Zahedan with yearly wind and solar energy densities of 6004 (kWh/m ) and 2247 (kWh/m ), respectively, have the greatest amount of energy among the other cities. After examining three different types of commercial wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) systems, it becomes clear that by utilizing one set of Gamesa G47 turbine, 91 kg/d of hydrogen, which provides energy for 91 car/week, can be produced in Manjil and will save about 1347 L of gasoline in the week. Besides, by installing one thousand sets of X21-345 PV systems in Zahedan, 20 kg/d of hydrogen, enough for 20 cars per week, can be generated and 296 L of gasoline can be saved. Finally, the RETScreen software is used to calculate the annual CO emission reduction after replacing gasoline with the produced hydrogen.

关键词： wind energy solar energy water electrolysis hydrogen production Weibull distribution function (WDF) Angstrom-Prescott (AP) equation

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基于碳排放达峰约束的2030年中国能源供需模型及实证研究

陈进行

《工程（英文）》 2017年第3卷第4期页码 512-517 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2017.04.019

摘要：

综合考虑经济发展、技术进步、政策目标、资源禀赋、环境容量等方面因素，设计了中国能源供需模型，构建了碳排放提前达峰和既定达峰两种情景。应用模型对两种情景下的能源供需和碳排放进行了分析，结果显示：2030年前一次能源和电力需求将持续增长，电力需求增速将显著快于一次能源需求；低碳化是能源供需结构变化的基本特征，2030年前非化石能源将超过石油成为第二大能源；选择能效更高的能源消费模式和更加低碳的能源供应方式，能源消费产生的碳排放可能在2025年左右提前达峰；电源结构的低碳化是碳排放尽早达峰、降低峰值的关键因素。

关键词：碳排放达峰能源供需模型情景